travis: require sudo in an attempt to avoid build timeouts (#9327)

- Many container builds are timing out frequently during Spack tests in
  Travis CI.

- Travis recommends to try `sudo: required` to see whether this is an
  infrastructure issue or something else.

- added `sudo: required` to all Linux builds.

- added --verbose to `spack test` invocation so that we can see more
  easily what tests it's timing out on.

Signed-off-by: Todd Gamblin <tgamblin@llnl.gov>